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The dry conditions in the deserts occur due to the lack of rain and snow, which is usually less than 25cm (9.8 in) in a year. The driest desert on Earth is the Atacama, Chile, where in many parts there has not been any rainfall in living memory. Hot desert are found close to the tropics, where the Sun's rays are strongest. Hot desert are freezing at night because there are no clouds to trap the Earth's heat.

Jupiter is the biggest and is truly giant. It is large enough for 11 Earths to fit across its face and 1,300 to fit inside it. There are four giant planets in our Solar System. The next biggest is Saturn, followed by Uranus, and Neptune. They are also known as ''gas giants'' because of their colorful, ice-cold gas atmosphere. Jupiter is shrinking. When it was young it was five times its present size. It is cooling and getting smaller by about 2cm (0.8 in) a year.ha

About one-tenth of Earth's land surface is covered in ice. Built up over thousands of years, most ice occurs in thick ice sheets that cap the land at the North and South Poles. Ice also tops the peaks of high mountains, and rivers of ice called glaciers gouge deep valleys in polar and mountain regions.

A volcano erupts when hot molten rock from deep inside the Earth bursts out of the ground. Rivers of liquid rock, called lava, flow down the side of the volcano burning trees, houses, and anything else in their paths. An exploding volcano may also fling out ash, mud, and poisonous gases. Volcanoes are not just destructive, however, and often create new mountains and islands.

The desire of European merchants to control the trade in luxury goods from Asia- silk, cotton, and spices- combined with the technology advances in shipbuilding and navigation led to a wave of long-distance voyages of exploration that redrew the map of the globe between the 15th and 18th centuries.

The surface of the Earth is like a massive jigsaw puzzle made up of huge rocky pieces called tectonic plates. The pieces of this puzzle are constantly moving about very slowly, but with immense force. If they slide past or crash into each other the Earth shakes and quakes.

Yes, the continents and oceans are constantly moving on the Earth's crust. More than 200 million years ago,the continents were joined in one huge land mass, but over millions of years this drifted and separated into the seven main continents we know today: Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, Antarctica, North America, and South America. 200 millions years ago Many of the continents are locked together in a landmass named Pangaea. 100 millions years ago Divergent plates begin to open up the Atlantic Ocean. South America drifts west, Antarctica heads for the South Pole, and India creeps towards Asia Today India is in place after colliding with the Eurasian mainland. Greenland separates from North America, which has a land bridge with South America, Australia drifts in the Pacific Ocean

Where the plates of Earth's crust crash into each other, land is pushed upward, forming mountains. The Himalayas are the tallest mountains on Earth, and the youngest. They formed over the last 145 millions years, as India crashed into Asia. Mountains are also formed when volcanoes erupt and molten rock builds up into steep mounds.

Blood is red because most of its cells are packed with a red-substance  called haemoglobin. Using this, the red blood cells pick up vital oxygen and deliver it to the body's cells. To achieve this and other roles, such as removing waste, blood is pumped along blood vessels by the heart.

Although many plants use flowers to reproduce, some do not.  There are more than 30,000 types of these non-flowering plants. Mosses, for example, release tiny spores that are spread by the wind. Conifers make seeds inside scaly cones. Both spores and seeds grow into new plants. Bristlecone  pines are oldest trees on the planet. Growing slowly on cold, windswept mountain sides in western USA, they can live for thousands of years. The oldest specimen is known as Methuselah, and is about 4,800 years old.

Fish are vertebrates (animals with backbone) that live in the sea and in fresh water. Like all animals they have to breathe in oxygen. Lungs would simply fill up with water, so instead fish have feathery gills at the back of the head that extract oxygen from water as it flows over them.

People have found ways of relaxing and enjoying leisure time since history began. Some of the games we still play today have ancient origins, but the media and technology boom of the 20th century brought a rush of new entertainment and pastimes, with the spread of popular newspapers, cinema, recorded music, radio, television, and computer games.

No, every Star is unique. With the exception of the Sun, stars are all so far away from Earth that they appear as pinpoints of twinkling light to us. But even though they may look the same to the naked eye, they all have their own characteristics, different in size, temperature, colour, and brightness, depending on how old they are.

A force is a push or a pull that gets something moving or changes the way it moves. Flicking a marble creates a force that sends the marble rolling across the table. Putting out your hand to stop it falling off the table's edge creates  a force that sends it spinning in another direction. If the marble rolls off the table, gravity pulls it to the ground- another force, of course! 

We exchange money for goods and services.In the past, people bartered (exchanged) goods of equal worth, but it's not very convenient to swap a chicken and two bags of corn for that DVD you want. That's why we use money-either cash (notes and coins), or  a virtual payment using a debit or credit. Do You Know  The word ''salary'' comes from the Latin word sal, meaning salt. Roman soldiers used to be paid a Salarium - an allowance to buy salt.

Identical twins happen when a single sperm (male cell), fertilizes a single egg (female cell) that then splits in two. Each one goes on to grow into a baby, but both cells share exactly the same genetic instructions (DNA) . DOUBLE (OR TRIPLE) TROUBLE! The number of births in which twins or triplets are likely to occur naturally: 1: Identical twins      4 in 1000 births 2: Non-identical (fraternal) twins     15 in 1000 births 3: Identical triplets      1 in 100000 births 4: Non-identical triplets      1 in 8000 births

Laws are rules that spell out how people should behave in society.Throught history, people have devised ways of setting disputes between neighbours and punishing wrongdoers. The earliest surviving set of laws was issued by Ur-Nammu, king of Sumer (modern Iraq), about 4,000 years ago.

A set of beliefs, shared by a group of people, that gives meaning of life and death is called a religion.Some religions are monotheistic-their followers believe there is only one god.Polytheistic religions have many gods.                                                                                                                          BUDDHISM,CHRISTIANITY,HINDUISM,ISLAM,JUDAISM,SIKHISM ...

The Universe is about 13.7 billion years old.At its beginning it looked nothing like it does today.Yet,everything in today's Universe did exits in some form back then.It all started with the Big Bang, a kind of explosion that would not only go on to produce all the matter in the Universe but also marked the start of time .